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The 19th century played a significant role in shaping global beverage preferences. While tea remained the drink of choice in Russia and England, many other Western nations transitioned to coffee, which became more readily available and popular for its stimulating effects.
Some historians argue that England fully embraced tea only after the Coffee Rust Disease devastated coffee plantations in its colonies in India and Sri Lanka during the 1870s and 1880s. This disease spread throughout the world during the century and still poses a threat to the modern Arabica
As is still the case today, the Arabica bean was the most prestigious and widely consumed coffee variety. However, its vulnerability to Coffee Rust led to the cultivation of hardier, though less flavorful, alternatives. Initially, the Liberica bean was seen as the savior of the global coffee trade, but it was ultimately the Robusta bean that proved more commercially viable. Despite its susceptibility, Arabica continues to dominate the market due to its superior taste.
By the late 1800s, Brazil had already established itself as the world’s leading coffee producer, followed by the Indonesian archipelago, India, and Central America. Regions we now associate with coffee—such as Kenya, Peru, and Vietnam—had yet to emerge as major players.